Following the Sunni Arab tribal militias operations – the Sahwa (Awakening), which was planned and supervised by the US forces in Iraq led by Gen. David Petraeus since the fall of 2007 — the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), which was described as the Iraqi branch of Al Qaeda, issued two strategic documents. The first...Read More

As the self-proclaimed “sole world superpower,” the United States has taken a sharp turn toward militarizing its response to a wide range of problems, both social and political. It has moved toward a nearly constant war footing, using the metaphors of war – if not actual attacks – in multiple contexts, domestic and international. Despite...Read More

The discussion of Islam in world politics in recent years has tended to focus on how religion inspires or is used by a wide range of social movements, political parties, and militant groups. Less attention has been paid, however, to the question of how governments—particularly those in the Middle East—have incorporated Islam into their broader...Read More

This chapter provides a comparative critical overview and assessment of the logics and mechanisms for Muslim representation in Europe as they have emerged and been consolidated in the two decades at the turn of the millennium. First, it seeks to illuminate the dual thinking behind – and the causes for – policy decisions that have...Read More