According to some researchers (Hopkins, 2004a; Hopkins & Smith, 2008), there is a perception among certain Muslims that anti-Muslim racism is higher in areas where there is a high density of Muslim residents, such as Glasgow. In contrast, other Muslims may feel thatIslamophobia is higher in places with fewer numbers of Muslim residents. Through an...Read More

Existing evidence seems to indicate that Muslims in Scotland haveconstructed hyphenated or hybrid identities that draw on religion, ethnicityand nationality. However, minor attention has been given to the differencesin importance, meanings, and strengths of these identities, or the significanceof their identity markers. Ethnic minority people can be identified with boththeir ethnic groups and their country...Read More

This study investigates the representations of Hindu-Muslim relationship inBollywood movies from 2008 to 2018. It is assumed that after 2008 Mumbaiterrorist attacks, which are known as 26/11, conflicts between Hindus andMuslims have escalated. Since Indian people are extreme fans of movies,especially Bollywood movies, in this regard, it is expected that media could playa significant role...Read More

Since the 9/11 bombings in New York, and the 7/7 bombings in London,Muslims’ integration in the UK has been under intense scrutiny. Muslimintegration, however, has long been a matter of debate in Britain, revolvingaround the maintenance of Muslims’ distinctive identity and practice. Forinstance, David Cameron (Cameron, 2011), Britain’s then Prime Minister,announced at the Munich Security...Read More