The present research aims to present the growth of political and militant Islam and its main representatives in Syria, starting with the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, its temptation to conquer power, and then survive in the face of Ba’ath repressions, continuing with Assad regime’s own politics of instrumentalization of a part of Syrian or regional terrorist/Islamist groups for its own benefit. Finally, contesting events from 2011, a majority of rebel groups and brigades who are now fighting against Assad regime’s forces assume an identity and an explicit Sunni Islamic activism in multiple versions, ranging from moderate Islamism in the Muslim Brothers style, to the most radical forms of jihadi militancy.
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